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- $Unique_ID{BRK03983}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency}
- $Subject{Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase
- Deficiency, Medium-Chain Nonketotic Carnitine Deficiency Carnitine Deficiency
- MCAD Deficiency MCADH Deficiency Dicarboxylicaciduria Glutaricaciduria II Reye
- Syndrome }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 585:
- Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of this article (Medium-Chain Acyl CoA
- Dehydrogenase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the
- SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Medium-Chain
- Nonketotic Carnitine Deficiency
- Carnitine Deficiency
- MCAD Deficiency
- MCADH Deficiency
- Dicarboxylicaciduria
-
- Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Glutaricaciduria II
- Reye Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section
- of this report.
-
- Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD) is a metabolic
- disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme medium chain CoA
- dehydrogenase which is needed for the breakdown of medium chain fatty acids.
- This enzyme plays a central role in the metabolism of fats. Low blood sugar
- (hypoglycemia), lack of energy (lethargy) and possibly coma, as well as fatty
- changes in the liver, may also occur. During hypoglycemic periods, tests
- usually show massive amounts of dicarboxylic acid in the urine.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a form of organic acidemia.
- It is characterized by intermittent low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia)
- after fasting, as well as fatigue, and sometimes coma. During periods of
- hypoglycemia, tests usually show excessive amounts of dicarboxylic acids in
- the urine of 6 to 8 carbon atoms in length. The chemical compound
- suberylglycine appears to be diagnostic for this condition. Fatty changes in
- the liver may also occur. Symptoms first appear during childhood or early
- adolescence.
-
- Causes
-
- CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a hereditary disorder transmitted through
- autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic
- diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition,
- one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive
- disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the
- defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one
- normal gene and one gene for the disease, he or she will be a carrier for the
- disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the
- disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a
- recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be
- carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their
- children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be
- genetically normal.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency has an incidence of about 1 in
- 10,000 live births. It first appears during infancy and early childhood and
- males and females are affected in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders are similar to those of Medium-Chain Acyl
- CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential
- diagnosis:
-
- Glutaricaciduria II: There are two forms of this disorder which occur
- during different stages of life. They are both forms of organic acidemias
- which are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by excess acid in the
- blood and urine.
-
- 1) Glutaricaciduria IIA (GA IIA). This neonatal form of Glutaricaciduria
- II is a very rare, sex-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large
- amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. Some researchers
- believe the disorder is caused by a defect in the breakdown of acyl-CoA
- compounds.
-
- 2) Glutaricaciduria IIB (GA IIB; Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria) is the
- milder, adult form of Glutaricaciduria II. This disorder, inherited through
- autosomal recessive genes, is characterized by acidity of the body tissues
- (metabolic acidosis), and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an
- elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis). Large amounts of
- glutaric acid in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme
- "Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase". (For more information, choose
- "Glutaricaciduria II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy)
- and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs. This disorder tends to
- follow some acute viral infections such as flu or chicken pox in combination
- with certain toxic substances such as aspirin. In addition to these viruses
- and toxins, deficiencies of the enzymes needed in the breakdown of ammonia to
- urine appear to be a contributing factor. Symptoms occur suddenly and
- progress quickly, leading to coma. (For more information, choose "Reye" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Symptoms of Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency may be prevented
- by not allowing children with this deficiency to fast for prolonged periods
- of time. Sometimes children have to be awakened at night for feedings.
- Others may be fed intravenously or parenterally overnight. The usefulness of
- restricting the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan (which
- generate glutaric acid when they are metabolized) is not established at the
- present time. Acute episodes of acidity in blood and body tissues (acidosis)
- and dehydration are treated with fluids and bicarbonate. Many of the adverse
- effects of organic acidemias are due to secondary carnitine depletion. Such
- patients should have plasma carnitine measured and, if deficient, begin a
- supplement of 100-300 mg/kg/day of oral l-carnitine. Other treatment is
- symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency,
- please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Support Group for Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)
- 805 Montrose Dr.
- Greensboro, NC 27410
- (919) 547-0196
-
- Organic Acidemia Association
- 522 Lander St.
- Reno, NV 89512
- (702) 322-5542
-
- British Organic Acidemia Association
- 5 Saxon Rd.
- Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
- England
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
- Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
- Crewe CW1 1XN, England
- Telephone: (0270) 250244
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 800-801.
-
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et
- al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. P. 238.
-
- CATALYTIC DEFECT OF MEDIUM-CHAIN ACYL COENZYME A DEHYDROGENASE
- DEFICIENCY: LACK OF BOTH COFACTOR RESPONSIVENESS AND BIOCHEMICAL
- HETEROGENEITY IN EIGHT PATIENTS: B.A. Amendt, et al.; J Clin Investi (1985:
- issue 76). Pp. 963-969.
-
- DICARBOXYLIC ACIDURIA: DEFICIENT 1-(14)C-OCTANOATE OXIDATION AND MEDIUM-
- CHAIN ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE IN FIBROBLASTS: W.J. Rhead, et al.; Science
- (1983: issue 221). Pp. 73-75.
-
-